A set of infinite binary sequences ${\cal C} \subseteq 2$ℕ is negligible if there is no partial probabilistic algorithm that produces an element of this set with positive probability. The study of negligibility is of particular interest in the context of ${\rm{\Pi }}_1^0 $ classes. In this paper, we introduce the notion of depth for ${\rm{\Pi }}_1^0 $ classes, which is a stronger form of negligibility. Whereas a negligible ${\rm{\Pi }}_1^0 $ class ${\cal C}$ has the property that one cannot (...) probabilistically compute a member of ${\cal C}$ with positive probability, a deep ${\rm{\Pi }}_1^0 $ class ${\cal C}$ has the property that one cannot probabilistically compute an initial segment of a member of ${\cal C}$ with high probability. That is, the probability of computing a length n initial segment of a deep ${\rm{\Pi }}_1^0 $ class converges to 0 effectively in n.We prove a number of basic results about depth, negligibility, and a variant of negligibility that we call tt-negligibility. We provide a number of examples of deep ${\rm{\Pi }}_1^0 $ classes that occur naturally in computability theory and algorithmic randomness. We also study deep classes in the context of mass problems, examine the relationship between deep classes and certain lowness notions in algorithmic randomness, and establish a relationship between members of deep classes and the amount of mutual information with Chaitin’s Ω. (shrink)

Cet article a pour but de présenter la première traduction française de deux textes de Helmholtz de 1878. À la lumière du développement des géométries non euclidiennes, il y critique la conception kantienne de l’espace. Par là même, il expose une redéfinition purement empiriste de la construction des déterminations spatiales qui, sous le nom de « géométrie physique », joua un rôle important chez Poincaré (qui la révise) et chez Einstein.

RÉSUMÉ: En 1938, Hans Reichenbach soutenait, dans Experience and Prediction, que la théorie de la signification défendue par le positivisme logique, à savoir le «verificationnisme strict», n’avait pas réussi à formuler un critère satisfaisant de la signification cognitive des énoncés. Il le remplaça par un critère purement probabiliste qui lui permettait de restaurer la connexion pragmatique entre le langage et l’action. Mais de sérieuses difficultés grèvent la justification de cette théorie. Le but de cet article est de se pencher sur (...) certaines de ces difficultés et de tenter d’y répondre d’une façon «quasi-reichenbachienne».ABSTRACT: Hans Reichenbach argued in Experience and Prediction (1938) that the theory of meaning defended by Logical Positivism, i.e., “strict verificationism,” failed to give a relevant criterion for cognitive meaningfulness. He replaces it with a wholly probabilistic criterion that allows us to establish a pragmatic connection between language and action. But serious difficulties arise in the justification of his theory. The aim of this article is to assess some of these difficulties and to indicate a way to solve them in a “reichenbachian” way. (shrink)

The $\Omega $ numbers—the halting probabilities of universal prefix-free machines—are known to be exactly the Martin-Löf random left-c.e. reals. We show that one cannot uniformly produce, from a Martin-Löf random left-c.e. real $\alpha $, a universal prefix-free machine U whose halting probability is $\alpha $. We also answer a question of Barmpalias and Lewis-Pye by showing that given a left-c.e. real $\alpha $, one cannot uniformly produce a left-c.e. real $\beta $ such that $\alpha - \beta $ is neither left-c.e. (...) nor right-c.e. (shrink)

A semimeasure is a generalization of a probability measure obtained by relaxing the additivity requirement to superadditivity. We introduce and study several randomness notions for left-c.e. semimeasures, a natural class of effectively approximable semimeasures induced by Turing functionals. Among the randomness notions we consider, the generalization of weak 2-randomness to left-c.e. semimeasures is the most compelling, as it best reflects Martin-Löf randomness with respect to a computable measure. Additionally, we analyze a question of Shen, a positive answer to which would (...) also have yielded a reasonable randomness notion for left-c.e. semimeasures. Unfortunately, though, we find a negative answer, except for some special cases. (shrink)

A central object of study in the field of algorithmic randomness are notions of randomness for sequences, i.e., infinite sequences of zeros and ones. These notions are usually defined with respect to the uniform measure on the set of all sequences, but extend canonically to other computable probability measures. This way each notion of randomness induces an equivalence relation on the computable probability measures where two measures are equivalent if they have the same set of random sequences. In what follows, (...) we study the equivalence relations induced by Martin-Löf randomness, computable randomness, Schnorr randomness and Kurtz randomness, together with the relations of equivalence and consistency from probability theory. We show that all these relations coincide when restricted to the class of computable strongly positive generalized Bernoulli measures. For the case of arbitrary computable measures, we obtain a complete and somewhat surprising picture of the implications between these relations that hold in general. (shrink)

We show the existence of noncomputable oracles which are low for Demuth randomness, answering a question in [15] (also Problem 5.5.19 in [34]). We fully characterize lowness for Demuth randomness using an appropriate notion of traceability. Central to this characterization is a partial relativization of Demuth randomness, which may be more natural than the fully relativized version. We also show that an oracle is low for weak Demuth randomness if and only if it is computable.

In this paper, we study the power and limitations of computing effectively generic sequences using effectively random oracles. Previously, it was known that every 2-random sequence computes a 1-generic sequence and every 2-random sequence forms a minimal pair in the Turing degrees with every 2-generic sequence. We strengthen these results by showing that every Demuth random sequence computes a 1-generic sequence and that every Demuth random sequence forms a minimal pair with every pb-generic sequence. Moreover, we prove that for every (...) comeager${\cal G} \subseteq {2^\omega }$, there is some weakly 2-random sequenceXthat computes some$Y \in {\cal G}$, a result that allows us to provide a fairly complete classification as to how various notions of effective randomness interact in the Turing degrees with various notions of effective genericity. (shrink)

EveryK-trivial set is computable from an incomplete Martin-Löf random set, i.e., a Martin-Löf random set that does not compute the halting problem.

We consider effective versions of two classical theorems, the Lebesgue density theorem and the Denjoy–Young–Saks theorem. For the first, we show that a Martin-Löf random real z ∈ [0, 1] is Turing incomplete if and only if every effectively closed class.

We investigate the role of continuous reductions and continuous relativization in the context of higher randomness. We define a higher analogue of Turing reducibility and show that it interacts well with higher randomness, for example with respect to van Lambalgen’s theorem and the Miller–Yu/Levin theorem. We study lowness for continuous relativization of randomness, and show the equivalence of the higher analogues of the different characterizations of lowness for Martin-Löf randomness. We also characterize computing higher [Formula: see text]-trivial sets by higher (...) random sequences. We give a separation between higher notions of randomness, in particular between higher weak 2-randomness and [Formula: see text]-randomness. To do so we investigate classes of functions computable from Kleene’s [Formula: see text] based on strong forms of the higher limit lemma. (shrink)

Scientific knowledge is no longer transmitted solely through a one-way channel of communication from scientific communities to `lay' readers through the knowledge transmission `chain'. Communication between the two communities has now been extended into media and everyday social discourse where it crops up in news debates about issues such as public health and food safety. In this process, scientific academic discourse has lost much of its original form. This article examines part of the current research at the Centre de recherche (...) sur les discours ordinaires et spécialisés. It provides evidence of new discursive forms adopted by science in media and social discourse, such as the emergence of enunciative standpoints, the redefinition of the role of the journalist as mediator between science and the general public, the use of specific forms of intertextuality and the interweaving of scientific elements in general social discussions. This research on new data implies renewed definitions of certain concepts used in linguistic descriptions: discursive meaning and signification, interdiscursive memory bank, etc. These recent forms of discourse have brought about a change in the status of science so that science has now become an object of debate in the public arena — a sign of its crucial social role. (shrink)

Since the mid-1980s, there has been a gradual ethical drift in the provision of maternal care in African health facilities in general, and in Cameroon in particular, despite government efforts. In fact, in Cameroon, an increasing number of caregivers are reportedly not providing compassionate care in maternity services. Consequently, many women, particularly the financially vulnerable, experience numerous difficulties in accessing these health services. In this article, we highlight the unequal access to care in public maternity services in Cameroon in general (...) and the Noun Division in particular. For this study, in addition to documentary review, two qualitative data collection techniques were used: direct observation and individual interviews. Following the field work, the observation data were categorized and analyzed to assess their relevance and significance in relation to the topics listed in the observation checklist. Interviews were recorded using a dictaphone; they were subsequently transcribed and the data categorized and coded. After this stage, an analysis grid was constructed for content analysis of the transcripts, to study the frequency of topics addressed during the interviews, as well as divergences and convergences among the respondents. The results of this data analysis showed that money has become the driving force in service provision. As such, it is the patient’s economic capital that counts. Considered “clients”, pregnant women without sufficient financial resources wait long hours in corridors; some die in pain under the indifferent gaze of the professionals who are supposed to take care of them. In sharp contrast, the findings revealed that financially privileged patients are able to bribe caregivers to attract their favour and obtain prompt, careful, and effective care. These ethical abuses observed in the Noun public health facilities drive women to use, from the beginning of their pregnancies to the delivery, only healthcare delivered by traditional health attendants. (shrink)

Most studies on the choices, motivations and behavior of investors consist of segmentations focused on socio-demographic characteristics such as age, income, education level, etc. Such approaches seem to simplify, even mutilate, reality by aggregating data about observable variables and considering investors as homogeneous groups. These perspectives are inspired by a scientific approach that consists of separating in order to better understand the observed phenomena. By considering individual as a “homo economicus”, that is to say, a rational and autonomous individual who (...) makes decisions motivated by material gains, these studies fail to recognize all the complexity that shapes human behavior. This paper argues that to understand the behavior and choices of investors in regards to socially responsible investing, we must consider social investors as complex individuals. In addition, we should take into account influence that the institution may exercise throughout the role of advisors and SRI promotion strategies. Our research builds on a multidimensional approach that explores to what extent demographic, environmental, social and governance issues, the trade-offs between financial return and social values, the attitudes and the role of the institution influence the decisions of individual social investors. Moreover, it adopts a more open approach by exploring the characteristics and behaviors of individual social investors in relation to those of conventional investors. Our research provides evidence from the Desjardins Fund. Qualitative and quantitative data gathered by Desjardins from online surveys are subjected to bivariate and multivariate analyses and are complimented by ten semi-structured interviews with managers, analysts, and advisors who provided further insight into SRI investment behavior and choice. The results show that while demographic characteristics still remain important in understanding the behavior and attitudes of social investors, it is their social values, ESG issues, financial return considerations and the role played by the institution in mediating investment decisions that are significantly associated with SRI portfolios. Our research highlights the complexity surrounding the phenomenon of SRI and has several implications both in terms of theory and practice. (shrink)

RESUME Dans cet article, on aborde le champ de la vulgarisation scientifique en mettant l'accent sur les différentes sphères d'activité langagière qui s'y croisent. On rappelle d'abord le modèle classique et linéaire de la diffusion scientifique avant de montrer le déplacement qui s'est ensuite produit avec l'intervention des médias traditionnels, qui, notamment lors d'événements scientifiques, ont fait dialoguer différentes communautés langagières. On aborde enfin les changements apportés par les nouveaux outils technologiques dans des formes de participation et de prise de (...) parole qu'autorise l'internet.ABSTRACT This paper deals with the field of popular science with a focus on the different linguistic spheres that intersect it. It starts by reviewing the classical linear model of scientific dissemination. The authors then show the displacement that took place with the involvement of traditional media that established a dialogue between different language communities, in particular for scientific events. Finally, the changes to forms of participation and speech resulting from new technological tools and made possible by the Internet are presented.RESUMO O presente artigo aborda o campo da divulgação científica através das diferentes esferas de atividade linguageira que nele se cruzam. Evocaremos incialmente o modelo clássico e linear da divulgação científica, antes de apresentarmos o deslocamento produzido, em seguida, pela mídia tradicional, que possibilitou o diálogo entre diferentes comunidades linguageiras, especialmente em acontecimentos científicos. Mostraremos finalmente as modificações trazidas pelas novas ferramentas tecnológicas nas formas de participação e de tomada da palavra proporcionadas pela Internet. (shrink)

Crop genetic resources constitute a ‘new’ global commons, characterized by multiple layers of activities of farmers, genebanks, public and private research and development organizations, and regulatory agencies operating from local to global levels. This paper presents sui generis biocultural community protocols that were developed by four communities in Benin and Madagascar to improve their ability to contribute to, and benefit from, the crop commons. The communities were motivated in part by the fact that their national governments’ had recently ratified the (...) Plant Treaty and the Nagoya Protocol, which make commitments to promoting the rights of indigenous peoples, local communities and farmers, without being prescriptive as to how Contracting Parties should implement those commitments. The communities identified the protocols as useful means to advance their interests and/or rights under both the Plant Treaty and the Nagoya Protocol to be recognized as managers of local socio-ecological systems, to access genetic resources from outside the communities, and to control others’ access to resources managed by the community. (shrink)

Ce texte est une petite histoire de la consultation conjugale durant ces cinquante dernières années, avec l’idéologie de ses débuts, les recherches théoriques, cliniques et méthodologique du conseil conjugal. La pression de la demande et son évolution est mise en parallèle avec les recherches cliniques ayant amené à proposer des thérapies de couple. Celles-ci à leur tour nous renseignent sur les difficultés des couples actuels, reflétant l’évolution des valeurs de la société.

It is commonly assumed across the language sciences that some semantic participant information is lexically encoded in the representation of verbs and some is not. In this paper, we propose that semantic obligatoriness and verb class specificity are criteria which influence whether semantic information is lexically encoded. We present a comprehensive survey of the English verbal lexicon, a sentence continuation study, and an on-line sentence processing study which confirm that both factors play a role in the lexical encoding of participant (...) information. (shrink)

Excerpt from L'Art de Sentir Et de Juger en Matière de Goût Nous 'zivons' employé trois especes de papier _à la réimpres'sion de ce livre; ce qui forme trois éditions. La premiere, de luxe et tirée àtrès petit nombre sur du papier Velin.' About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, (...) preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works. (shrink)

La rencontre des consultants et des thérapeutes se fait sur un choc de leurs croyances au couple. Cette question est interrogée à partir des formulations des consultants et des thérapeutes sur le couple, sur leur couple. Elle introduit à ce qu’est un couple pour l’auteur, un organisateur du psychisme, une matrice de subjectivité.

La thérapie psychanalytique en couple est l’analyse du lien que les partenaires ont construit entre eux. Dès les entretiens préliminaires, des interventions globales sur le fonctionnement du couple et des partenaires doivent permettre une restauration narcissique et proposer à chacun des conjoints un étayage pour « penser le couple ». La thérapie passe par l’élaboration des collusions du couple ; les conjoints l’un par l’autre, l’un avec l’autre, retravaillent dans le cadre thérapeutique leurs deux histoires personnelles qu’ils ont mises en (...) commun dans le secret de leurs collusions inconscientes. Ils passent de la projection de l’objet interne à la reconnaissance de l’objet externe et découvrent la richesse de l’altérité, celle de la fécondité psychique. (shrink)

Im Kontext der Spannung zwischen Kritik und Erneuerung der Metaphysik entfaltet der christliche Philosoph Ferdinand Ulrich eine Metaphysik des Seins als Gabe, in der nicht Gabe statt Sein, sondern Sein als Gabe konsequent gedacht wird. Geschichte und Existenz werden Schauplatz einer Ontodramatik, bei der es in der dialogischen Selbstverantwortung und in der Verantwortung fur die Welt um die Zustimmung zur oder die Verweigerung der Liebe als Sinn des Seins geht. Unter den vielfaltigen Stationen dieses dialogisch vorgehenden Denkens werden im vorliegenden (...) Band die Gesprache mit Hegel, Heidegger und Schelling aufgenommen. Entlang dieser Gesprache rekonstruiert die Autorin diesen metaphysischen Ansatz, fragt nach seiner inneren Logik und seinem epistemologischen Status und sucht Moglichkeiten des Nachvollzugs. (shrink)

Pour vivre en couple et rester soi, un écart entre les conjoints est nécessaire. La vie actuelle, quand le tiers est peu ou mal intériorisé, permet aux couples de vivre selon des situations sociales différentes – et variables dans le temps. Parmi celles-ci, la non-cohabitation. Un exemple clinique montre les étapes par lesquelles sont passés les conjoints d’un jeune couple au cours de la thérapie, de la vie en groupe à la non-cohabitation. Quand ils se séparent, ce n’est pas pour (...) se séparer, mais pour expérimenter une relation conjugale pouvant les conduire à un couple psychique dans lequel chacun peut se sentir exister. L’article montre comment ces étapes leur ont permis d’approfondir et de transformer leur relation. (shrink)

This article will investigate the issue of accessing benxin 本心 (original mind), subsequent operation from Self and, in that process, union with the greater universe or benti 本体 (original substance)—a state expressed in the West as cosmic consciousness. It is proposed that this allows one to participate as a partner in the creative process of one’s own life and the surrounding world. The equally important question of how to gain contact with original mind will also be addressed, as well as (...) the consequences of doing so with regard to the human condition. The concept of original thought is introduced, being important here as it is held to be that thought which is generated in the pure condition of original mind, devoid of influence from finite physical existence. (shrink)

Le handicap transforme la vie du couple et de la famille. La surcharge psychique qu’il implique pour tous les membres de celle-ci et les défenses mises en place révèlent les fragilités du couple et rendent nécessaires un travail d’élaboration, principalement de certaines collusions sur lesquelles s’était construit le couple. La régression de fonctionnement que le traumatisme provoque peut amener le thérapeute à se demander si ce fonctionnement révèle la structure du couple ou s’il est une défense. Ce fut en tout (...) cas l’hypothèse qui a soutenu le travail clinique dans le cas présenté. (shrink)

Dans un premier cas, le travail du contre-transfert en thérapie de couple met au jour les traumatismes mis en résonance dans le choix amoureux et leur élaboration. Deux autres thérapies montrent comment les traumatismes des générations précédentes peuvent être mis en figuration dans l’organisation du couple et être mobilisés dans le transfert.

Dans l'"Avis des éditeurs", on explique en quoi consiste l'intérêt particulier de ce recueil de lettres privées, non destinées à la publication. En plus, on apprend les circonstances grâce auxquelles une partie importante des papiers de Rousseau est entrée à la Bibliothèque de la ville (actuelle Bibliothèque publique et universitaire) de Neuchâtel: "J'entends que tous les papiers manuscrits de Jean-Jacques Rousseau [...] soient recueillis et rassemblées en paquets étiquetés et cachetés, pour être déposés dans une bibliothèque publique bien assurée. Les (...) lettres adressées à moi seront également déposées [...]" (extrait du testament de Pierre-Alexandre Du Peyrou du 22 juillet 1791. "Avis..." p. 16 s.). (shrink)

Résumé À partir de leur expérience d’accueillantes en binôme dans un lieu d’écoute ouvert aux malades du cancer et à leur entourage, les auteurs s’interrogent sur le réveil des relations primaires de l’histoire infantile et la possible reprise de leur élaboration, permettant l’inscription dans une généalogie et ouvrant sur une meilleure transmission. L’article présente le dispositif de cet accueil en insistant sur la spécificité de ce binôme (l’un des deux thérapeutes accueillants a personnellement l’expérience de la maladie) et propose quelques (...) exemples cliniques pour illustrer cette réflexion. (shrink)

Malian farmers’ traditional system for managing seed of sorghum, an indigenous crop of vital importance for food security and survival, can be conceptualized as a commons. Although this system maintains a wide range of varieties and helps ensure access to seed, its ability to create and widely disseminate new varieties to meet evolving opportunities and challenges is limited. A network of farmer groups, public breeding programs, and development organizations collaborating in decentralized creation and dissemination of sorghum varieties in Mali is (...) examined regarding (1) how the network developed and what activities it conducts; (2) the resulting varietal diversity, varietal performance and organizational models; and (3) the elements of the traditional seed system that were maintained, strengthened or transformed. A single-case study approach was used that relies on published literature, official catalogues of released varieties and a database of farmer seed-cooperative requests for foundation seed. The functioning of the network and its varietal-, seed-, and organizational- outcomes are documented and the elements of the traditional sorghum seed system that are maintained or strengthened are analyzed. The evolution of the network’s reliance on commoning as a social process and its strengthening of core Seed Commons features are discussed with a view to the network’s contributions to targeted development outcomes and potential replicability. The case demonstrates how creating a framework for collaboration, enabling actors and organizations to take on collective responsibility while maintaining distributed decision-making at local level, opens opportunities for transforming farming- and food-systems towards sustainability and resilience. (shrink)

Though research on sustainable tour operating practices is increasing, its focus is mainly on large tour operators. Moreover, most research is geographically limited to Europe. Literature on inbound tour operators (ITOs) based in destination countries such as Africa is almost non-existent. In an effort to reduce the gap on literature available on sustainable tour operating in third world destinations, this research focuses on ITOs in Kenya. Its aim is to identify gaps between attitudes, intentions and behavior towards sustainable tourism of (...) ITOs in Kenya and shade some light on how these gaps can be addressed. A dedicated questionnaire survey was developed for this research and sent out to 300 ITOs in Kenya. Moreover, 10 in-depth interviews were held. This paper describes the background of the research, both from a scholarly and management perspective, and the developed research instruments. During the IABS 2011 conference full results will be presented. (shrink)